- VERB FORM -historic present when narrating stories - it sounds more immediate/ spoken discourse
- PARALLELISM - use the same lexical form in a sentence/clause "she came, she saw"
- PRONOMIAL REFERENCE-avoid repeating a noun
anaphoric reference:when a pronoun refers back(it was mentioned before) - I was looking for my daugther. I found her
cataphoric reference: when a pronoun refers foward in the text- "Nobody seemed to know where they came from, but they were in the forest: Kanga and Baby Roo'.
exophoric reference/xenophoric reference: retorical questions+reference; refers to sth outside of the text.
- REPETITION AND LEXICAL CHAINS: different words with similar meaning.
antonyms/sinonyms; hipenyms(furniture - table, chair)/hyponyms(pigs, dogs - animals); meronyms(refers to sth referring to parts/features of it).
- SUBSTITUTION: in real life people do not answer in full sentences" Do you like pizza? Yes, I do.
- ELLIPSIS: When we drop parts of a sentence "Where did you go? Movie!"
- CONJUNCTIONS(sentence and discourse)
*additive: add information (and, moreover, plus)
*adversive:contrast(but, however, on the other hand, nevertheless)
*causal: reason(because, so therefore,due to, consequently )
*temporal: time(first, next, then, in the end, later, firstly)
*ellaborativ/exemplitive:(such as, for instance, in fact, hence etc)
*discursal: to change topis(anyway, by the way, etc)
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